When my Explaining Postmodernism: Skepticism and Socialism from Rousseau to Foucault was to be published in Iran, the publisher notified me that a final step was necessary: getting a publishing license from the state’s censors. So the manuscript was submitted for approval to the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. At the time, I had

The questions: Modernism and the Enlightenment—what are they? Is philosophy a science? Is epistemology or ethics most important? Can you explain briefly Foucault, Rorty, Lyotard, Derrida? Why do the post-moderns reject the modern? Sense-perception—are the arguments against its validity perverse? What’s the Representational theory of perception? What did Kant think of Rousseau? What makes Rousseau

“How can the bird that is born for joy Sit in a cage and sing?” From William Blake’s poem, “The Schoolboy,” collected in Songs of Innocence and of Experience (1789). The full poem: I love to rise in a summer morn,    When the birds sing on every tree;The distant huntsman winds his horn,    And the skylark sings

Professor Nazir Azad’s translation into Urdu of my Explaining Postmodernism: Skepticism and Socialism from Rousseau to Foucault will be published this month, October 2022. Urdu is the first or second language of 230 million people in Pakistan and India. Information about other editions and translations of the book is here, including the audiobook edition below: